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AP Latin — Vocabulary and Grammar flashcards

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High-frequency Caesar and Vergil vocabulary (from the course readings used through 2024–25) with genitives, genders and principal parts, plus the grammar constructions that AP Latin translation and multiple-choice questions test, from ablative absolutes to supines.

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Learn deck · part of AP Latin · written against: College Board AP Latin Course and Exam Description: the decks follow the Caesar and Vergil required readings of the CED used through 2024–25; the CED effective fall 2025 reads letters of Pliny the Younger and new Aeneid selections. Updated 2026-10-10.

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  1. castra, castrōrum (n. pl.)
    Camp (a military camp) — plural in form, singular in meaning.

    Example: castra pōnere = to pitch camp; castra movēre = to move camp.
    Vocabulary › Nouns
  2. hostis, hostis (m.)
    Enemy — a public enemy of the state, as opposed to inimīcus, a personal enemy. In Caesar the plural hostēs usually means 'the enemy' as a body.
    Vocabulary › Nouns
  3. iter, itineris (n.)
    Journey, march, route.

    Example: magnīs itineribus = by forced marches; iter facere = to march.
    Vocabulary › Nouns
  4. fīnis, fīnis (m.)
    End, limit, boundary; in the plural, fīnēs means territory. The Helvetii plan to leave dē fīnibus suīs, their own territory.
    Vocabulary › Nouns
  5. cīvitās, cīvitātis (f.)
    State, community; citizenship. In Caesar it usually means a whole Gallic people (such as the Helvetii or Aedui) treated as one political unit.
    Vocabulary › Nouns
  6. Hīs rēbus cognitīs, Caesar profectus est. Which construction is hīs rēbus cognitīs, and how do you translate it?
    Ablative absolute — noun + perfect passive participle in the ablative: 'After these things had been learned' or 'When he learned this, Caesar set out.' The perfect participle shows time before the main verb.
    Grammar › Participles and Ablative Absolute
  7. Caesare duce contains no participle. What construction is it, and what does it mean?
    An ablative absolute made of two nouns. Latin has no present participle of sum, so 'being' is understood: 'with Caesar as leader,' 'under Caesar's command.'
    Grammar › Participles and Ablative Absolute
  8. Hostēs fugientēs secūtī, mīlitēs castra cēpērunt. How do fugientēs and secūtī differ in time and voice?
    Fugientēs is a present active participle (fleeing, at the same time); secūtī is the perfect participle of a deponent, so it is active in meaning and usually earlier in time.

    'Having followed the fleeing enemy, the soldiers took the camp.' A few deponent perfect participles, secūtus among them, are often used almost like a present ('following').
    Grammar › Participles and Ablative Absolute
  9. How do you tell an ablative absolute from a participle that simply agrees with a noun in the sentence?
    An ablative absolute is grammatically detached — its noun is neither subject nor object of the main verb.

    In urbe captā, discessit the city plays no other role; in urbem captam incendit the participle just describes the object ('he burned the captured city').
    Grammar › Participles and Ablative Absolute
  10. Nūntius dīxit hostēs adesse. What construction follows dīxit, and how do you translate it?
    Indirect statement: accusative subject (hostēs) + infinitive (adesse) after a verb of saying. The present infinitive shows the same time as the main verb: 'The messenger said that the enemy was at hand.'
    Grammar › Indirect Statement

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About these cards

Review status: Second-reader reviewed, with corrections applied.

Checked against:

  • Topic coverage follows the College Board AP Latin Course and Exam Description in use through 2024–25 (required Caesar and Vergil readings, vocabulary, grammar and analysis skills), used as an outline only (no text copied). The CED effective fall 2025 replaces Caesar with letters of Pliny the Younger in its required readings and changes the Vergil selections; Gallic War 1.1–7 and 6.13–20 remain on its list of suggested teacher's-choice texts.
  • Latin quoted from public-domain texts: Caesar, De Bello Gallico, and Vergil, Aeneid. All English translations and paraphrases are original.
  • Forms, meanings and constructions checked against Lewis and Short, A Latin Dictionary (1879, public domain) and Allen and Greenough's New Latin Grammar (1903, public domain) (reference only; no text copied).

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