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Korean TOPIK II — Grammar Patterns flashcards

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60 patterns commonly taught for TOPIK II: cause (-는 바람에, -느라고), addition and contrast, -다면 and other conditions, -더라고요 and -던, -(으)ㄴ 채로, -게 되다, degree, purpose, indirect speech, guessing and time — with connection rules and original examples.

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Learn deck · part of TOPIK II (Korean) · written against: About 1,400 frequent TOPIK II words of the TOPIK public vocabulary list (2015), chosen by the National Institute of Korean Language's frequency ranks, with grammar patterns and in-context cloze; spelling and spacing per the Standard Korean Dictionary. Updated 2026-10-10.

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  1. What does -는 바람에 express, and what kind of result follows it?
    -는 바람에 = because of an unexpected event, usually with a bad result. It attaches to verb stems only, always as -는, and the main clause is normally past: 늦잠을 자는 바람에 회의에 늦었어요. — I overslept and ended up late for the meeting.

    Watch out: No command or suggestion can follow, and no past tense goes inside: 자는 바람에, not 잤는 바람에.
    Cause & Reason
  2. How do you pile one more fact on with -(으)ㄴ/는 데다가?
    Verb + -는 데다가 (present) or -(으)ㄴ 데다가 (past); adjective + -(으)ㄴ 데다가 (있다/없다 adjectives -는 데다가); noun + 인 데다가 = on top of A, also B. Both facts point the same way, and 도 often marks the added one: 그 식당은 음식이 맛있는 데다가 값도 싸요. — That restaurant's food is tasty, and it's cheap as well.
    Addition & Contrast
  3. How is the hypothetical -다면 formed after verbs, adjectives and nouns?
    Verb + -ㄴ/는다면 (간다면, 먹는다면); adjective + -다면 (좋다면); noun + (이)라면 (학생이라면). For the past use -았/었다면: 복권에 당첨된다면 세계여행을 하고 싶어요. — If I won the lottery, I'd want to travel the world.
    Conditions
  4. What does -더라고요 tell the listener, and how is it formed?
    Stem + -더라고요 = I saw, found or felt that … (reporting first-hand experience). Use -았/었더라고요 for something already finished when you saw it: 어제 가 본 카페가 생각보다 조용하더라고요. — The café I went to yesterday was quieter than I'd expected.
    Recollection & Discovery
  5. What does -(으)ㄴ 채로 mean?
    Verb stem + -(으)ㄴ 채(로) = with A still the case; leaving it as it was. A is a finished state that carries on while B happens — often something you shouldn't do: 안경을 쓴 채로 잠이 들었어요. — I fell asleep with my glasses on.

    Watch out: It takes the past modifier -(으)ㄴ: 켠 채로, not 켜는 채로; -는 채 is rare (모르는 채).
    State & Change
  6. How do you show degree with -(으)ㄹ 정도로?
    Stem + -(으)ㄹ 정도로 = to the point that; so … that. A names an extreme effect that shows how strong B is: 배가 아플 정도로 웃었어요. — I laughed so hard my stomach hurt.

    Note: At the end of a sentence: -(으)ㄹ 정도예요 — 눈물이 날 정도예요.
    Degree & Extent
  7. What does -도록 express, and how is it different from -(으)려고?
    Stem + -도록 = so that; in such a way that A can happen. Unlike -(으)려고 it can be followed by a request: 뒤에서도 잘 들리도록 크게 말해 주세요. — Please speak up so people at the back can hear.

    Note: With time it means 'until': 밤늦도록 — until late at night.
    Purpose & Intention
  8. How do you report a statement with -다고 하다 after verbs, adjectives and nouns?
    Verb + -ㄴ/는다고 하다 (간다고, 먹는다고); adjective + -다고 하다 (바쁘다고); noun + (이)라고 하다 (학생이라고). 민수 씨가 내일 바쁘다고 했어요. — Minsu said he's busy tomorrow.
    Indirect Speech
  9. How do you guess from evidence with -나 보다 and -(으)ㄴ가 보다?
    Verb + -나 보다; adjective + -(으)ㄴ가 보다 (있다/없다 adjectives -나 보다 or -는가 보다); noun + 인가 보다 = it seems, judging from what I see. For the past use -았/었나 보다: 사람들이 우산을 쓰고 있네요. 비가 오나 봐요. — People are holding umbrellas. It must be raining.

    Note: It needs evidence in front of you; for a general guess use -(으)ㄴ/는 것 같다.
    Guessing & Appearance
  10. How do you say 'as soon as' with -자마자?
    Verb stem + -자마자 = as soon as; the moment A happens, B. A takes no past tense: 집에 도착하자마자 잠이 들었어요. — I fell asleep the moment I got home.
    Time & Sequence

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More TOPIK II (Korean) decks

Core Vocabulary, Part 1Core Vocabulary, Part 2Core Vocabulary, Part 3Core Vocabulary, Part 4Core Vocabulary, Part 5Core Vocabulary, Part 6Core Vocabulary, Part 7Core Vocabulary, Part 8Core Vocabulary, Part 9In Context, Part 1Core Vocabulary, Part 10Core Vocabulary, Part 11Core Vocabulary, Part 12Core Vocabulary, Part 13Core Vocabulary, Part 14Core Vocabulary, Part 15Core Vocabulary, Part 16Core Vocabulary, Part 17In Context, Part 2Practice Questions

← All TOPIK II (Korean) decks, with the study guide and topic outline.

About these cards

Review status: Second-reader reviewed, with corrections applied.

Checked against:

  • Grammar points reflect patterns commonly taught at TOPIK II level; nearly all are on the intermediate grammar list (sheet 공개 문법 목록 of the file 한국어능력시험 중급 어휘 목록(공개용).xlsx) that the National Institute for International Education attached to its 2009-04-17 notice '한국어능력시험 초급/중급 어휘·문법 목록 안내' in the TOPIK 자료실 at topik.go.kr, made for the earlier test format (no newer official grammar list is assumed). Spelling, spacing and conjugations checked against the National Institute of Korean Language's Standard Korean Dictionary (표준국어대사전) and Hangul orthography rules. Reference only; all explanations and example sentences are original.

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