AP Chemistry — Reactions, Kinetics and Equilibrium flashcards
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Units 4–9 of the AP Chemistry course: net ionic equations, stoichiometry and titration, rate laws and mechanisms, calorimetry, equilibrium and Le Châtelier, pH, buffers and titration curves, entropy, free energy and electrochemistry.
Learn deck · part of AP Chemistry · written against: College Board AP Chemistry Course and Exam Description (nine units). Updated 2026-10-10.
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Solutions of silver nitrate and sodium chloride are mixed and a white solid forms. What is the net ionic equation, and which ions are spectators?Ag⁺(aq) + Cl⁻(aq) → AgCl(s). Na⁺ and NO₃⁻ stay dissolved and unchanged, so they are spectator ions and are left out.Chemical Reactions › Equations and Reaction Types
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What is the net ionic equation for the reaction of acetic acid with sodium hydroxide, and why is acetic acid written as a molecule?CH₃COOH(aq) + OH⁻(aq) → CH₃COO⁻(aq) + H₂O(l). Acetic acid is a weak acid, so in solution it exists mostly as un-ionized molecules.Chemical Reactions › Equations and Reaction Types
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Tripling the concentration of X makes a reaction nine times faster, while changing the concentration of Y has no effect. What is the rate law and the overall order?Rate = k[X]², second order overall: shows second order in X, and zero order in Y.Kinetics › Rate Laws
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For 2 N₂O₅ → 4 NO₂ + O₂, how does the rate at which NO₂ appears compare with the rate at which N₂O₅ disappears?NO₂ appears twice as fast as N₂O₅ disappears, and O₂ appears at half the rate N₂O₅ disappears, following the 2 : 4 : 1 coefficients.Kinetics › Rate Laws
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When NH₄NO₃ dissolves in water in a coffee-cup calorimeter, the temperature falls. What are the signs of q for the water and of ΔH for the dissolving?The water loses heat, so q for the water is negative; the dissolving absorbs that heat, so ΔH is positive (endothermic).Thermochemistry
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A hot metal block is dropped into cool water in an insulated cup. What is equal once the system stops changing?The two reach the same final temperature, and the heat lost by the metal equals the heat gained by the water: .Thermochemistry
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What does a very large equilibrium constant (say ) tell you, and what does a very small one tell you?A very large K means the equilibrium mixture is almost all products; a very small K means it is almost all reactants. K says nothing about how fast equilibrium is reached.Equilibrium › Equilibrium Constants
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How does K change when a reaction is reversed, and when all its coefficients are doubled?Reversed: the new constant is . Doubled: the new constant is (multiplying coefficients by n raises K to the power n).Equilibrium › Equilibrium Constants
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Some salts dissolve even though dissolving them is endothermic. What makes the process favorable?The increase in entropy as ions spread out in solution. If is larger than the positive ΔH, then ΔG is negative and the salt dissolves.Thermodynamics and Electrochemistry › Entropy and Free Energy
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A solution has a pH of 3.40. What is its hydronium-ion concentration?About 4.0 × 10⁻⁴ M, since .Acids and Bases › pH and Acid Strength
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- Topic outline follows the College Board AP Chemistry Course and Exam Description (effective Fall 2024), Units 4–9 (outline only; no course or exam text reproduced).
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